Saturday, August 18, 2007

Some of my softwares ...

EngicOS - The First GEC Linux
(Developed in 2005)
Overview :
ENGICOS is a remastering of Knoppix which in turn is a compilation of GNU/Linux software, run completely from CD. It automatically recognizes and supports many types of graphic cards, sound cards, SCSI devices and other peripheral devices. ENGICOS can be adapted and used as a Linux demo, a training course CD, a rescue system or as a platform for commercial software product demos. It is especially created and designed for the Goa College of Engineering (GEC) students. It is not necessary to install anything on fixed disk. Using transparent decompression, up to 2 gigabytes of executable software can be put on a CD (this CD, for instance, has 1700MB of software on it).

Download Torrent File

EngicOS version 2.0
(
Developed in 2006)
Overview :
EngicOS version 2.0 is the next version of EngicOS. It was developed in 2006 but was never distributed in public. There is only one copy of it on a damaged hard disc and I have lost hope of recovering it.

Easy Mounter version 1.0
(Created on Sat Feb 24 2007)
Overview :
Easy Mounter is a GUI Software which uses the system commands to mount and unmount your devices such as floppy, cdrom, harddisk partitions and removable drives. The user doesn't have to know the internal system commands... just click and go.

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Graphical Magic Point version 1.0
(Created on Thu Mar 15 2007)
Overview :
Graphical Magic Point is a GUI software that helps you create magic point presentations with ease. The user has to just choose the desired background, enter the title and text and choose a suitable slide layout. The code for the slide is written automatically and the user need not worry about it.

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Fedora Core 6 Transformation Pack
(Created on Sun May 27 2007)
Overview :
Fedora Core 6 Transformation Pack is only meant for the "root" user. This transformation will give you all the looks of Fedora Core 6 but not the effects.

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Engic LAN Search Engine
By Alok Kamat, Kedar Khandeparkar, Sarvesh Salelkar & Silson Braganza.
(Created on Jul 4 2007)
Overview :
Engic LAN Search Engine (ELSE) is a powerful utility for fast file searching across your LAN. You can search for specific file names or for specific file types (e.g. all MP3 files). It uses concepts like indexing and caching which makes the search even more faster. The graphical user interface makes it easy for the user to search and download files. The ELSE project is an OPEN SOURCE PROJECT; hence you can copy, modify and redistribute this software. This software is absolutely FREE.

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Wednesday, August 15, 2007

Experiments/Program Codes - Final Year Computer Engineering ( 8th Sem )

This section contains some of my programs that I had written during my final year in computer engineering. The program codes are absolutely free and can be copied and redistributed by anyone. I hope this section proves to be helpful for the B.E. Computer Engineering students.

Huffman Code

Aim: To implement Huffman Code.

Programming Language used: C++

Compiler required: Turbo C/C++

Written during: Final Year of Engineering (2007)

Subject: Advanced Data Structure and Algorithms

Download Code

RSA Algorithm

Aim: To implement RSA Algorithm.

Programming Language used: C++

Compiler required: Turbo C/C++

Written during: Final Year of Engineering (2007)

Subject: Advanced Data Structure and Algorithms

Download Code

Parallel Tournament

Aim: To implement parallel tournament method to find the maximum number.

Programming Language used: C++

Compiler required: Turbo C/C++

Written during: Final Year of Engineering (2007)

Subject: Advanced Data Structure and Algorithms

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Caesar Cipher

Aim: To implement Caesar Cipher method.

Programming Language used: C++

Compiler required: GCC/G++

Written during: Final Year of Engineering (2007)

Subject: Cryptography and Network Security

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Hill Cipher

Aim: To implement Hill Cipher method.

Programming Language used: C++

Compiler required: GCC/G++

Written during: Final Year of Engineering (2007)

Subject: Cryptography and Network Security

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Diffie Hellman

Aim: To implement Diffie Hellman method to generate the secret key.

Programming Language used: C++

Compiler required: Turbo C/C++

Written during: Final Year of Engineering (2007)

Subject: Cryptography and Network Security

Download Code

Experiments/Program Codes - Final Year Computer Engineering ( 7th Sem )

This section contains some of my programs that I had written during my final year in computer engineering. The program codes are absolutely free and can be copied and redistributed by anyone. I hope this section proves to be helpful for the B.E. Computer Engineering students.

Single Deletion Error Detection and Correction

Aim: To detect and correct single deletion error in the given Assembly Language Program.

Programming Language used: C++

Compiler required: GCC/G++

Written during: Final Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Language Translators

Input file: /root/lt/1_sde/alp.txt

START
MRV AREG TEN
MOVM AREG TOTAL
MOVR BREG TWO
MOV BREG EVEN
MOV BREG ZERO
MOVM BREG SUM
MOVR BREG SUM
AD BREG EVEN
MVM BREG SUM
MOR CREG EVEN
AD CREG TWO
MOVM CREG EVEN
MOVR DREG TOTAL
DV DREG ONE
MOVM DREG TOTAL
COP DREG ONE
BC GT BACK
MOR BREG SUM
MUL BREG SUM
MOVM BREG SUM
WITE SUM
STOP
TEN DC '10'
ZERO DC '0'
EVEN DS 2
SUM DS 2
TOTAL DS 2
TWO DC '2'

END

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Left Recursion Removal

Aim: To read a set of production rules in a context free grammer and to identify and remove left recursions.

Programming Language used: C++

Compiler required: GCC/G++

Written during: Final Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Language Translators

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LEX Specification Program 1

Aim: Write a LEX Specification Program to produce the statistics like number of statements, characters, words, special characters, percentage of vowels and percentage of delimiters.

Written during: Final Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Language Translators

Download Code

LEX Specification Program 2

Aim: Write a LEX Specification Program to reverse the given code sample.

Written during: Final Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Language Translators

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Parsing using Predictive Parsing Table

Aim: To parse a string using predictive parsing table.

Programming Language used: C++

Compiler required: GCC/G++

Written during: Final Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Language Translators

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Basic Blocks in a Qquadruple

Aim: To identify the basic blocks in the given quadruple.

Programming Language used: C++

Compiler required: GCC/G++

Written during: Final Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Language Translators

Input file: /root/lt/6_quad/input.txt

01: location=-1
02: i=0
03: if(i<100)>
04: goto 13
05: t1=4*i
06: t2=A[t1]
07: if(t2=x) goto 09
08: goto 10
09: location=i
10: t3=i+1
11: i=t3
12: goto 03

13: -

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Domain Name Server

Aim: To implement Domain Name Server.

Programming Language used: Java

Written during: Final Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Distributed Operating System

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Single Client Single Sever

Aim: To implement Single Client and Single Sever.

Programming Language used: Java

Written during: Final Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Distributed Operating System

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Remote Method Invocation

Aim: To implement Remote Invocation Method.

Programming Language used: Java

Written during: Final Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Distributed Operating System

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Berkeley’s Algorithm

Aim: To implement Berkeley’s Algorithm.

Programming Language used: C++

Compiler required: Turbo C/C++

Written during: Final Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Distributed Operating System

Download Code

Experiments/Program Codes - Third Year Computer Engineering ( 6th Sem )

This section contains some of my programs that I had written during my third year in computer engineering. The program codes are absolutely free and can be copied and redistributed by anyone. I hope this section proves to be helpful for the T.Y. Computer Engineering students.

DDA Algorithm

Aim: Generation of a triangle using DDA algorithm.

Programming Language used: C++

Compiler required: Turbo C/C++

Written during: Third Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Computer Graphics

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Bresenham’s Algorithm

Aim: To implement Bresenham's algorithm.

Programming Language used: C++

Compiler required: Turbo C/C++

Written during: Third Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Computer Graphics

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Midpoint Circle Algorithm

Aim: To generate a circle using the midpoint circle algorithm.

Programming Language used: C

Compiler required: Turbo C/C++

Written during: Third Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Computer Graphics

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Midpoint Ellipse Algorithm

Aim: To draw an ellipse using the midpoint-ellipse algorithm.

Programming Language used: C

Compiler required: Turbo C/C++

Written during: Third Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Computer Graphics

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Boundary Fill Algorithm

Aim: To implement boundary fill algorithm to fill a polygon.

Programming Language used: C++

Compiler required: Turbo C/C++

Written during: Third Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Computer Graphics

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Two Dimensional Transformations

Aim: To demonstrate the various two-dimensional transformations.

Programming Language used: C

Compiler required: Turbo C/C++

Written during: Third Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Computer Graphics

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Cohen-Sutherland Two-Dimensional Line Clipping Algorithm

Aim: To implement the Cohen-Sutherland Two-Dimensional Line Clipping Algorithm.

Programming Language used: C

Compiler required: Turbo C/C++

Written during: Third Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Computer Graphics

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Sutherland-Hodgeman 2-D Polygon Clipping Algorithm

Aim: To implement the Cohen-Sutherland Two-Dimensional Line Clipping Algorithm.

Programming Language used: C

Compiler required: Turbo C/C++

Written during: Third Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Computer Graphics

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Bezier Curves

Aim: To generate bezier curves using input control points.

Programming Language used: C

Compiler required: Turbo C/C++

Written during: Third Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Computer Graphics

Download Code

Bouncing Ball Animation

Aim: To create an animation showing a bouncing ball.

Programming Language used: C++

Compiler required: Turbo C/C++

Written during: Third Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Computer Graphics

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KnapSack

Aim: To find optimal solution using Knapsack method.

Programming Language used: C++

Compiler required: GCC

Written during: Third Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Operation Research

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Encoding Techniques

Aim: To achieve all eight encoding techniques:

1) Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)

2) Nonreturn to Zero Inverted (NRZI)

3) Bipolar-AMI

4) Pseudoternary

5) Manchester

6) Differential Manchester

7) B8ZS

8) HDB3

Programming Language used: C++

Compiler required: Turbo C/C++

Written during: Third Year of Engineering (2006)

Subject: Computer Networks - I

Download Code

Friday, August 3, 2007

Modem Driver Installation for Red Hat 9 Linux

I am writing this because many people have asked me about this and it was not possible to explain in detail about the driver installation to each one individually.

Modem: Smart Link Soft Modem

CPU: Intel Pentium II, Celeron. AMD K6, Cyrix 400MHz or higher.

Memory: 64MB (may work also with 32MB).

OS: Linux 2.4 series.

I am assuming that you have installed Red Hat 9 completely including the source files, available on the Red Hat 9 CDs itself. You can check for the source files by navigating to /usr/src/. If you can see linux-2.4 directory then the source files are installed else you have to install them from the Red Hat 9 CD through the Add/Remove Programs.

Installation:

First login as root.

1. Unpack tar.gz package file:

# gzip -dc slmdm-2.X.X.tar.gz | tar xf -

2. 'cd' to package directory:

# cd slmdm-2.X.X

3. Review and edit (if need) 'Makefile'.

Note: Probably you will want to correct in Makefile path to your

local Linux kernel header files:

KERNEL_INCLUDES=/path/to/linux/include

Note: For me it was KERNEL_INCLUDES:= /usr/src/linux-2.4/include

Another way is to pass command line the parameter while

running 'make':

# make KERNEL_INCLUDES=/path/to/linux/include ...

4. Run 'make' command to compile package:

# make

5. Install.

For us ie. PCI Modem type the following command

# make install-amr

OR

# make install-usb

if you are going to use USB modem.

Now the modem driver installation is over. Next is how to connect to the Internet.

Connecting to the Internet:

Click on the Red Hat logo on the task bar which resembles the start. Next go to “Internet” and find an application called as “Kppp” (It might be in “More Internet Tools”). Kppp is a GUI software for ppp. It will provide you with a wizard for making the connection. Create a new connection, enter the phone number, username and password, and select modem as /dev/modem. Keeping remaining options default is a good idea.

Now you are all set to connect to the Internet. Enjoy !!!

Mandriva Linux 2007 Installation Guide

1. Lets start by inserting the Mandriva Linux 2007 disc into the CD/DVD-ROM and reboot your machine. First, you will see the Mandriva logo, followed by a menu, choose Installation.

2. Next, you will choose your preferred language, hit next button and you must read and agree to the Mandriva license. After you hit the next button, you must choose your system security level. The default one is very good for a simple workstation machine, level High, but there are more powerful levels of security to choose from, like Higher and Paranoid. Next you'll be asked to choose an option for the hard drive partitioning part. If you are a beginner, I suggest selecting the first option "Use free space", but if you are an experienced user, choose the "Custom disk partitioning" option.

3. If you choose the first option "Use free space" and hit the next button, the installer will automatically erase all the data on the hard drive, format it and create the partitions he needs for the system installation. After the partitioning part, you will be able to select the packages that you'll need for your future Mandriva workstation. In the left side, you have options for the Workstation and in the right side there are options for Server and the Graphical Environment, which I suggest to leave it as they are. You can leave everything as it is and hit the next button to start the installation or you can check the "Individual package selection" to choose and install many other packages.

4. After you've hit the next button, the installation process will start. The process can take from 10 to 30 minutes, depending on how many packages you have selected for the installation. Just sit back and relax by watching the pictures from the installer that show you what's new in Mandriva Linux 2007.

5. After the package installation has finished, you'll need to do a few post-install configuration for the final system. You'll start by setting the root (administrator) password followed by the creation of a user for the system. Next is the boot loader installation, where you'll be asked where you want to install it. "Fist sector of drive (MBR)" is the preferred option, so just hit next button to see the summary of the installation process where you can make any final adjustments. After you've finished with the final configurations, hit the next button and you will be asked if you want to download updates for the system, choose No and hit enter to finish the installation process. Remove the CD/DVD from the optical drive and click the Reboot button. Now you will boot into Mandriva Linux 2007. Enjoy !!!

OpenSUSE 10.2 Installation Guide

1. Insert the OpenSUSE 10.2 CD/DVD into your drive and boot from it, you will be prompted with a boot menu, you have a couple of options here, like F2 if you want another language for the installation process (English is default) or to select the resolution and the installation source use F3 respective F4 buttons, then just select "Installation" option and hit enter. After the kernel will be loaded and you'll see a very nice OpenSUSE blue boot screen, the wizard appears, asking you to choose the language of the installation process and to agree to the OpenSUSE license.

2. At the Installation Mode screen just hit next and then you have to choose your time zone for the system clock. After you've hit next at the Clock and Time Zone screen select a desktop environment, GNOME or KDE, but you also have an option to choose another window manager. I suggest you stick to both KDE and GNOME, so right now, at this screen, choose either GNOME or KDE, because on the next step of the installation process, we will choose the other desktop environment as well.

3. You will see now a summary of the Installation Settings, which comes in a Standard (default) and Expert (for power users) view. I will suggest using an empty hard drive for this installation; that means no other operating system on it, ok? The partition process is automatic and it will erase all your data from the selected hard drive. Now click on the "Software" link and you'll arrive to the detailed software selection screen. Here, as I've told you a few rows above, you can select the other desktop environment (Graphical Environments section), and also more other software, regarding your needs.

4. After you have finished with the packages selection, click the "Accept" button to return to the initial screen (Installation Settings) so you can carry on with the installation process. Before you will return to the Installation Settings screen, you may see some windows that notify you about the modification in the package selection or to accept some licenses of non open source software. Now hit again the "Accept" button and an installation confirmation will appear, hit the "Install" button and the installation will begin. It will take about 20-30 minutes, depending on the software selection and specs of your PC.

5. When the install process is over, the system will automatically reboot and it will continue with the final configurations for the system. First, you must select a root (System Administrator) password, and then, you have to choose a hostname and Domain Name for the system. After this, you will see a screen with Network Configurations.

6. By default, your network card will be configured with DHCP (dynamic IP address), but if you have a static IP address, you must click on the "Network Interfaces" link and setup your IP manually (you must know the Netmask, Gateway and DNS from your provider). Just hit next after you've done all the settings here, and then you have the option to test your network connection. If everything is successful, click the next button and you'll arrive to "Novell Customer Center Configuration" screen, where I simply suggest you click on the "Configure Later" option and carry on with the installer.

7. Some additional installation sources will be prompted for you to register, but this will take some time and you can add them later, so I suggest you select No and then click the next button so you can opt for the authentication method. I suggest to leave it as it is if you don't know what these settings do and hit the next button again. Now, you must create a user for the system, because it's not a very smart idea to operate a Linux system as root, especially if you're a beginner.

8. After you have created the user, you will see the release notes for OpenSUSE 10.2, which you can view later on the Yast control panel. Hit next and the installer will scan and setup your computer hardware. Take a good look here to see that everything was recognized as it's supposed to be. Normally, the installer will recognize and setup all your hardware correctly, if not, you can click on the hardware component that you consider it was not set up correctly and do extra configuration. Now click the "Finish" button and you'll be automatically logged in into your new OpenSUSE machine. Enjoy !!!

Fedora Core 6 Installation Guide

1. Insert the Fedora Core 6 DVD/CD and boot your PC using it. You'll be presented with a nice Fedora artwork and some options. At this part, I simply suggest to press ENTER, and start the installation process.

2. After pressing the ENTER button, you will see a lot of text; don't worry, because it's normal; then, you'll see a warning telling you that it has found a CD and if you want to test it, just select the SKIP option and prepare to enter the graphical installation part. The first screen is just a welcome one; hit Next and then, on the second screen, you'll have to choose your language - default is English. Hit Next again - the third screen will ask you about your keyboard layout - default is U.S. English.

3. The next screen is about partitioning your hard drive. I always recommend having a blank drive, with no other operating system on it. At this point, I suggest leaving the settings as they are and hitting the Next button. Before we go to the next screen, a warning will appear that says all data on that drive will be destroyed; if you agree to that, just hit YES.

4. The fifth screen lets you set up your network. If you have DHCP (ask your provider if you're not sure), just leave the settings as they are and hit next. If you don't have DHCP and you need to configure your network manually, just press the EDIT button and a pop-up window will appear. Here, uncheck the "Configure using DHCP" option and you'll be able to enter the IP address and the Netmask (ask your provider if you don't know them). This version also has options to setup your IPv6 address, if you have one. Hit OK after you've finished entering the IP and the Netmask, and you'll be back to the initial screen, where you'll see that new fields are available:
Hostname - the name of your computer, you can just enter anything you like, or you can leave it as it is.
Gateway - ask your provider if you don't know what to enter here.
DNS fields - ask your provider if you don't know what to enter here.

5. On the sixth screen you will simply select your country and hit next to go to the following screen, where you'll be asked for the root (Administrator of the system) password - the longer, the better. Hit Next again and we have arrived to the software selection part, which will take some time.

6. The applications are presented in 5 big categories, and each one has subcategories that contain applications which you can add or remove with the help of the "Optional packages" button, that is available only when you check the respective category. Remember that every subcategory has a brief description of what applications it contains and every application has a brief description about what it can do.

Desktop Environments - it contains the GNOME and KDE desktop environments. GNOME is selected by default, but I suggest checking the KDE package and using it as your desktop. It is much more practical than other desktop environments. Remember to press the "Optional packages" button and check all the packages inside.
Applications - contains extra software for all your needs. I suggest exploring every subcategory here and taking a look inside to see if you need some of the existing software.
Development - Here, I strongly suggest checking all the subcategories and every software inside them; it will take some time to do that, but you will need these applications later if you want to compile and install software from the Internet.
Servers - Do not select anything in here. It's only for people who want to turn their machines into a Linux server, but this is not the purpose of this guide.
Base System - Along the selected subcategories, I suggest here to select the 'System Tools' and 'Legacy Software Support' and, of course, everything inside them, as well.
Languages - You can select another language(s) for your system. Later, you can set the system to use this language(s) as default.

7. Now everything will be automatically, just seat back and watch how the partitions will be formatted and the software installation will start.

8. If everything goes well, at the end there will be a final screen that lets you know you have successfully installed your new Fedora Core system, and all you have to do now is to enjoy your new Linux Workstation; don't forget to remove the DVD disc from your drive and hit the Reboot button. The machine will reboot and it will boot into your new Fedora Linux environment. Enjoy !!!

Note: If you require dual booting with Windows or more detailed instructions then refer to “Red Hat 9 Installation Guide” post.

Debian Sarge Installation Guide

1. Before we get going, there are a few things we need to do. The first is to make sure you have enough free space for Debian. I personally try and make sure that Debian has at least 10GB, although it's perfectly possible to run it on less.

2. Stick the Debian Sarge CD in the drive, reboot and make sure your CD drive is the first in the boot order. You should be presented with a black screen with a Debian logo, and the prompt:

Press F1 for help, or ENTER to boot:

At this point, we want to add an option to the standard installation. By default, Debian uses the 2.4 kernel, but I prefer to use the more recent 2.6 kernel. You can tell the installer to use the 2.6 kernel by typing linux26 before pressing Enter. This is especially important if you more recent hardware, such as a SATA drive. You can still use the 2.4 kernel if you wish; if you're uncertain, try the 2.6 kernel, and if that doesn't work, you can try the 2.4 kernel just by pressing Enter at this screen.

3. Next you should be asked:

Choose a language:

Select English. (Just for future reference - use the arrow keys and Tab to move around, the Enter key for when you need to select one item, and the space bar for when you need to select items from a list, in similar fashion to tick boxes).

4. Next is our location; the screen should say:

Based on your language, you are probably located in one of these countries or regions.

Choose a country, territory or area:

Select your appropriate location.

5. Next is the keyboard layout, with the screen stating:

Keymap to use:

Again, a relatively simple choice. The installer will suggest the one that makes the most sense or else select US English.

6. Next, we have some network configuration. The instructions make good sense to begin with, so I'll just type them out again:

Please enter the hostname for this system.

Enter a hostname for example “mydebian”

7. Next is the disk partitioning - the screen should read:

This installer can guide you through partitioning a disk for use by Debian, or if you prefer, you can do it manually. If you do choose to use the guided partitioning tool, you will still have a chance to see the results, customize it, and even undo the partitioning if you do not like it.

Now you can decide where to install Debian. Due to my already full disk, I have the choice of manual editing or erasing my entire hard disk. If you have some free space, you should also get the choice of using the free space. If you didn't choose manual editing, you should be guided through the process. The main two ways I normally install a system is either to lump it all into a single big partition, or as a 'Desktop machine'. For my own systems, I normally choose a Desktop machine. What this means is that the /home directories are kept separately from the rest of the system. The result is, if you decide to reinstall, you can keep all of your documents and most of your settings. If you're still not sure, then having all the files on one partition is fine.

Next, you should be shown how the installer has distributed the space. You can change it around, although the installer tends to decide the spaces quite sensibly. I often leave far too much space for the root filesystem - about 10GB. This is to make sure I don't run out of room, especially since I barely use any in my home directory, but less than that is still plenty.

You can play around the different partitions - once you're happy, you can hit Finish partitioning and save changes to disk and you should get a screen that starts:

If you continue, the changes listed below will be written to the disks.

WARNING: This will destroy all data on any partitions you have removed as well as on the partitions that are going to be formatted.

That's your last chance to go back! Once you select Yes, you can wave goodbye to whatever was on your hard disk (assuming you're formatting over another installation).

8. Now the installer will ask:

Install the GRUB boot loader to the master boot record?

The message beforehand will vary as to whether you have another operating system on the system. If you do have another operating system, it should be listed. If it isn't, then you might want to stop here since you won't be able to get back into the operating system easily. Otherwise, hit Yes, and the installation will continue. You'll be asked to take your CD out, which you don't really need to do if you just change the boot order so that it boots from the hard disk rather than the CD drive. The next thing that should happen is... a reboot!

9. The next part of the installer should greet you with:

Welcome to your new Debian system!

Hit Ok to continue.

10. The next question asks:

Is the hardware clock set to GMT?

If you're running Windows alongside Linux, you'll want to select No here; if you're just running Linux, Yes is the option you want. You'll then be presented with a list of timezones - just pick the one most appropiate to you.

11. After that, you're asked for a root password. Enter your root password, and enter it again for confirmation.

12. Then you will be told to:

Enter a full name for the new user:

Enter and press enter.

13. You'll then be asked to:

Enter a username for your account:

This should be something fairly simple and easy to remember since you'll be using it every time you want to use the computer. You're then asked for another password, and to confirm it.

14. Next is apt configuration. If you left the CD in the drive, the installer will start reading it. The computer will start testing the apt sources. If all goes well, the list of packages should be obtained, and the installation continues. You'll be asked what software you want to install. The installer will now start installing selected packages.

15. It should ask you to configure Exim after some time - specifically:

General type of mail configuration:

From the list, the default of local delivery only; not a network should be fine. You'll then be asked to pick the Root and postmaster mail recipient - again, the default value should be fine. Some more things… until you are told:

Setup of your new Debian system is complete.

Red Hat 9 Installation Guide

Preparation & Requirements:

You will require at least 6 GB of free space or an empty 6 GB of partition. If you are using Windows and have a partition which is around 6 GB then all you need is to empty that partition by moving its data to other drive or else leave it as it is if data is not important. Although you can choose any of the windows partition to install Linux but I suggest you to choose the last for easier and hassle free install. In the case you don't have separate partition ie. one big partition then I suggest you to use utility like partition magic to resize your current partition and then create a new partition for Linux. If you are planning to install Linux on separate hard drive then no need to read about partitions.

Installation:

1. Get Red Hat 9 CDs.

2. Now make sure that your computer is set to boot from CDROM (If it is not then you can do it from the BIOS options). Insert your Red Hat 9 CD-1 and boot off of your computer from it.

3. Now it will show screen showing few options... and REDHAT logo. Press Enter to through graphical installation.

4. In this step it will ask you to have a Media check to make sure that medium of your installation is safe. To test CDs navigate using tab and select "OK" by pressing Enter then it will show a screen asking you to start test using "TEST" button or change cd using "EJECT CD" Button. So test the current cd press "TEST" and to test another select "EJECT CD" then change cd and put another cd to check. The checking process is little longer takes around 5 min to 15 min , if your cds are fine then it will show test results as "PASS" and you can continue otherwise "FAILED" you can continue but you should never continue b'coz it will cause trouble later in installation. Try to clean your cd in the case of "FAILED" and do the test again, if again failed then don't install, get another media (New CDs). If result is "PASS" then select "CONTINUE" to install the Linux.

5. Welcome Note: After this it will load the Red Hat Graphical installer. Then it will show a "Welcome Screen". It has basically 2 parts

A] Left: Showing online help,

B] Middle + Right part: The actually action place. Now press "Next" to continue either by mouse or using Tab + enter for navigation from keyboard.

6. Language Selection: In this step it will ask you for the your preferred language ( Mostly english ) So select your language and press "NEXT" to move to next part.

7. Keyboard Configuration: Here it will which type of keyboard you use (Mostly U.S. English) then press "NEXT" to move to next step.

8. Mouse Configuration: This step is to configure your mouse. Most of the time it automatically detects the right mouse but if it has not just see if your mouse manufacturer name is there, if yes then select appropriate model by expanding the list and you are unable to find manufacturer or model then from generic select the mouse which suits you mouse best. If you have serial mouse then select your device to which it is connected. (/dev/ttyS0 if COM port 1 of windows, ttyS1 if COM port 2 of windows and so on). If you have 2 button mouse then select Emulate 3 buttons option which will make your mouse three button when you press your both button at same time. Now press "NEXT" to continue.

9. Installation Type: In this step first it will search for previous Linux (Red Hat Linux) installation. If you have one then it will ask you either upgrade or fresh install. Now after searching when it don't find any previous installation then it will show you 4 choices all consist of different sets of package of software as the name of choice suggest (Also well describe there)
a. Personal Desktop
b. Workstation
c. Server
d. Custom
Choose the type of installation you want and then press "NEXT" (type of installation you need depends upon your requirements I choose "PERSONAL DESKTOP")

10. Disk Partitioning Setup: Here it will ask that “Do you need manual or automatic partition” to be done. Select "Automatically Partition" for automatic partition or Select "Manually Partition with Disk Druid" for manual partition. Now here because it will get bigger and complicated so I suggest you to choose "Manually partition using Disk druid" b'coz it will be easier in all the cases. Now press "NEXT" to move to next step.

11. Partitioning: It is the most important step for Newbie. Be careful and read every thing with patience. Go for either part a. or part b. as per your conditions.
Now you are with a graphical utility which shows all the current partition on your hardisk or hardisks (if you have more than one hd). Please don't bother for LVM and RAID thing over here those are advance stuff.
a. Installing on separate physical drive: If you are installation Linux on second hardrive (primary slave) then it is called hdb in Linux and first primary master is called hda so others are call hdc, hdd. Say you are installing on drive hdb then select it. Now press "NEW" from Menu bar above the table. It will show a dialog box with lots of option, just select mount point and give size then press Ok. So Create a partition with mount point "/boot" around 100 MB press "OK" if it shows any error then just Press "CONTINUE", create root partition with mount point "/" of at least 6 GB as suggested. Make a Swap partition of around 300-500 MB by choosing file system type as SWAP then mount point will not be required. Also you can create other partition like "/home" whose size depends on the number of users who are going to use the computer. Bigger size more flexibility. Press "NEXT" to continue.

b. Installing on Different partition same drive : When you are going to install Linux on different partition on same drive then follow the following steps. (You should have either free space around 6 GB or a partition of 6 GB or more). I assume that you have 10 GB of Windows partition (FAT32) which was the drive F: under windows.
NOTE: Partitions in Linux are denoted by hda1, hda2 ie. hda1 means fist drive's first partition , hda2 means first drive's second partition, hdb1 means second drive's first partition.
Now locate your windows partition or free space you want to use for Linux. To do so I have windows last partition for Linux ie. F: so I looked for the last partition in the table which I found to be hda7. (If you choose a partition which is not last, then find it by its size. And if all your partitions are of same size the always choose last partition to install Linux.) Now I found hda7 for Linux then select and press "DELETE" in the Menu to delete that now it will become free space. (If you have free space already then you should start partitioning from here ) . Now press "NEW" from Menu bar above the table. It will show a dialog box with lots of option, just select mount point and give size then press "OK" you can also change file system but just keep it "ext3" only. So we are now going to create only 4 partitions.. root ("/") 6 GB (6144 MB), boot ("/boot") 75 MB, ("/home") 3759 MB and SWAP (300 MB). To do so just press "NEW" select size and "OK". Make a Swap partition of around 300-500 MB ( I suggest 300 MB) by choosing file system type as SWAP then mount point will not be required. You can also make different partition table but I have suggested above for ease of understanding. Now when you have done your partition make sure who have done work over right partition because after this step you can't undo that. Now press "NEXT" to continue.

12. Boot Loader Configuration: This is another important step in our installation. Mostly you don't need to do anything here just press "Enter" and continue as it always detect your windows. This section first allows you to choose boot loader to be GRUB or Lilo. I chose Grub over here. Next option shows that how many OS it will boot to ( here two as Windows and Linux). You can also set that which OS should boot by default (automatically without your intervention) by giving tick on the box in front of the OS name. You can also change the Display name of the OS over here by selection and the pressing "EDIT". Also you can set boot loader password.
Here make sure your boot loader is getting installed on "/dev/hda" because we are going to use Linux boot loader as the default boot loader. Now press "Next" to move to Network configuration.

13. Network Configuration: This is important for network users, people on LAN etc. But also equally important for general user. It shows you first option with List of all network devices in your computer. I have a Single LAN card as eth0 (if more than one LAN card then eth0, eth1, eth2 and so on.) which will be need to configure via DHCP. So I chose to configure via DHCP. In the case if you want your machine as server or it is connected to a LAN or ISP which needs static ip address then you have to select your network device and then press "EDIT" to set its option ie.. configure via dhcp or static IP address then PREss "OK" to close the dialog box. Now other option is to set Hostname of your computer. Again if you are on DHCP then just select Automatically via DHCP. Under Miscellaneous Section if you are on DHCP then don’t' touch but if you need to connect to a ISP providing static IP Connection then you have to give all details provided by your ISP or your LAN admin. If not sure leave them they can be configured after installation. Now Press "NEXT" to move further.

14. Firewall Configuration: Here you can choose what level of security you need. High, medium or nothing. Medium is good. Secondly chose the device which is local net etc. ie. if you are on LAN and your LAN device is eth0 then eth0 is trusted device. Thirdly choose incoming request you want to allow ie. If you want to run a web server then you should tick the www (http) to allow incoming and then same for other options. Lastly if you run special services which needs specific port then you have to give its port no. in other ports section. Now press "NEXT" to continue.

15. Additional Language Support: If you want to install additional language other than what we choose in beginning you can select here. If you chose three languages in total then you have to define that what will the default for your system. This section is quite simple so press "NEXT" when you get it configured.

16. Time Zone Selection: Just select the time zone in which your region falls by moving mouse over the Map and make that it has selected the right one by checking the list below the map. Now press "NEXT" to another step.

17. Set Root Password: This option is important. It ask you to set up your root password which will be required to do system maintenance, installation as well as to log first time. After setting the password press "NEXT"

18. Package Default options: Here depending upon what installation you chose it will show you little details with two options:

a. Accept the current package list,

b. Customize the set of packages to be installed.

If you choose a. it will on pressing "NEXT" will tell you that now it is ready to install then again pressing the "NEXT" will begin the actually copying (installation). IF you chose b. then after pressing "NEXT" you will be give opportunity to select individually what software (packages) you want. Just give this place a good time and explore all the packages if it is your first time and then decide which you want to evaluate, select those. It will also display the size of install on the lower right corner as No. of package you add or remove. If you choose "Select Individual packages" then you will further get a choice to select at more deep level the package you want then Press "NEXT" and it will tell you that it is ready to install , only pressing "NEXT" again it will start actual installation.

19. Now you will see the Progress installation. It will take some time. In between it might ask you to provide cd 2 and then cd 3 just put the cds in drive and then press OK.

20. Boot Floppy Creation: Now your Installation is almost over, It will now ask you to create boot floppy, You should create floppy for the case if anything goes wrong.. just put in the floppy and press "Create boot disk" ! If every thing goes fine then after making boot floppy remove it. Now press "NEXT"

21. Graphical Interface (X) Configuration: Here we will configure the Video card of our system. It shows the list of various cards manufacturer. It mostly auto probes.. ie. automatically find the right driver for your card , if not so then just find out your card manufacturer and the card model from the list. Then select how much video RAM your card has like 8 MB, 16 MB, 32 MB or so on. If your card is not listed in the list then you have rather bad time. Try to select a card which matches your chipset or either find driver for your card and then configure that after installation. But best is if you don't find your card manufacturer then set it to generic or default.

22. Monitor Configuration: It shows list of monitors. If your monitor is probed right ie. it shows the right make and model for your monitor the press "NEXT". If it is unable to probe write make then search it is in list. If it is there then OK, otherwise find Manual for your monitor and enter the correct Horizontal Sync and Vertical Sync rate. If you are not sure about it then just press "Restore Original Values". Now press "NEXT".

23. Customize Graphic Configuration: Here we will set resolution, login mode etc. Here it will ask you the color depth. Leave it as it is unless you want it change, also don't change resolution. Now it will ask you that what type of login you want -- Text or Graphical. In text it will lead you to command line on startup then you have to give username and password then if you want you can start X system by typing "startx". It is recommended here to use graphical login (like windows). Press "NEXT"

24. Now the Installation is fully complete. It will now ask you to prepare for boot and will remove installation media ie CD, so take out cd from cd drive and reboot. It will now show Choices of the OS to be loaded. If you choose Linux it will start Linux and if you choose Windows it will start Windows. Select Linux and press enter to boot into the Linux environment. Enjoy !!!